Nanodevices, such as semiconductor devices, are at the core of Japan’s industrial competitiveness. For semiconductor devices, extreme miniaturization inthe nanometer range is being pursued to further increase their high performance and high integration. Likewise, the integration of different materials and concepts to diversify functions, such as the use of new materials, i.e., oxides, magnets, organic materials, and nanotubes, and adoption of new principles in spin and light, are now being explored. Quantum theory-based analytical techniques for performing precise non-parametric analysis of particle structure and function have replaced conventional empirical simulation as indispensible tools in the design and development of highly functional next-generation nanodevices.